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What Is the Term of Office for a Person Elected to the United States Senate?

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Overview about the term limits in the United states

In the United States, term limits, also referred to as rotation in office, restrict the number of terms of function an officer may serve. At the federal level, the 22nd Subpoena to the United States Constitution limits the president of the Us to ii iv-year terms. State regime offices in some, only not all states, are term-limited, including for executive, legislative, and judicial office.

Historical background [edit]

The Constitution [edit]

Term limits tin date back to the American Revolution, and prior to that to the democracies and republics of artifact. The council of 500 in ancient Athens rotated its entire membership annually, as did the ephorate in ancient Sparta. The ancient Roman Republic featured a organisation of elected magistrates—tribunes of the plebs, aediles, quaestors, praetors, and consuls —who served a single term of one year, with re-ballot to the same magistracy forbidden for ten years (see cursus honorum). According to historian Garrett Fagan, role property in the Roman Democracy was based on "limited tenure of office" which ensured that "authority circulated often", helping to prevent corruption. An additional benefit of the cursus honorum or Run of Offices was to bring the "most experienced" politicians to the upper echelons of ability-holding in the ancient republic.[1] Many of the founders of the U.s. were educated in the classics, and quite familiar with rotation in the office during antiquity. The debates of that solar day reveal a want to written report and profit from the object lessons offered past aboriginal commonwealth.[ citation needed ]

Prior to independence, several colonies had already experimented with term limits. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut of 1639, for example, prohibited the colonial governor from serving consecutive terms by setting terms at one year's length and holding "that no person be chosen Governor above once in two years."[ii] Shortly after independence, the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 set maximum service in the Pennsylvania Full general Assembly at "four years in 7".[3] Benjamin Franklin's influence is seen not merely in that he chaired the constitutional convention which drafted the Pennsylvania constitution, just besides because it included, virtually unchanged, Franklin's earlier proposals on executive rotation. Pennsylvania's plural executive was equanimous of twelve citizens elected for the term of three years, followed by a mandatory vacation of four years.[4]

The Manufactures of Confederation, adopted in 1781, established term limits for the delegates to the Continental Congress, mandating in Article V that "no person shall be capable of existence a delegate for more than iii years in any term of six years."[5]

On October 2, 1789, the Continental Congress appointed a committee of thirteen to examine forms of government for the impending matrimony of the states. Among the proposals was that from the Land of Virginia, written by Thomas Jefferson, urging a limitation of tenure, "to forbid every danger which might arise to American liberty by continuing too long in role the members of the Continental Congress".[6] The committee fabricated recommendations, which as regards congressional term limits were incorporated unchanged into the Articles of Confederation (1781–89). The 5th Article stated that "no person shall be capable of beingness a delegate [to the continental congress] for more than three years in any term of six years".[a]

Term limits in the Constitution [edit]

In contrast to the Manufactures of Confederation, the federal constitution convention at Philadelphia omitted mandatory term limits from the U.Due south. Constitution of 1789. At the convention, some delegates spoke passionately against term limits such equally Rufus King, who said "that he who has proved himself to be about fit for an Function, ought not to be excluded past the constitution from belongings it."[7] The Electoral College, information technology was believed by some[ who? ] delegates at the convention, could take a role to play in limiting unfit officers from standing.

When the states ratified the Constitution (1787–88), several leading statesmen regarded the lack of mandatory limits to tenure equally a dangerous defect, especially, they thought, equally regards the presidency and the Senate. Richard Henry Lee viewed the absenteeism of legal limits to tenure, together with certain other features of the Constitution, as "about highly and dangerously oligarchic".[8] Both Jefferson[nine] and George Mason[10] brash limits on reelection to the Senate and to the Presidency, because said Mason, "naught is and then essential to the preservation of a Republican regime as a periodic rotation". The historian Mercy Otis Warren, warned that "there is no provision for a rotation, nor anything to prevent the perpetuity of office in the same hands for life; which past a little well-timed bribery, volition probably be done".[11]

Afterwards 1789 [edit]

Korzi (2013) says George Washington did not set the informal precedent for a two-term limit for the Presidency. He merely meant he was besides worn out to personally continue in office.[12] It was Thomas Jefferson who made it a principle in 1808. He made many statements calling for term limits in 1 form or another.[b]

The tradition was challenged by Ulysses Grant in 1880,[13] and by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912.[14] Otherwise no major effort to avoid information technology took identify until 1940 when Franklin Roosevelt explicitly broke it.[fifteen] The 22nd Subpoena to the U.South. Constitution was ratified in 1951 formally establishing in law the two-term limit—although it did not utilise to the incumbent Harry Truman.

The fact that "perpetuity in office" was non approached until the 20th century is due in office to the influence of rotation in office as a popular 19th-century concept. "Ideas are, in truth, forces", and rotation in office enjoyed such normative support, especially at the local level, that it altered political reality.[16] [c]

During the Civil State of war, the Constitution of the Confederate States limited its president to a single six-year term.

Era of incumbency [edit]

The practice of nomination rotation for the House of Representatives began to decline after the Civil War. It took a generation or so earlier the direct principal system, civil service reforms, and the ethic of professionalism worked to eliminate rotation in office as a common political practice. By the plough of the 20th century the era of incumbency was coming into full swing.[ citation needed ]

A total of 8 presidents served two full terms and declined a third and three presidents served one total term and refused a second. After Earth War Ii, all the same, an officeholder class had developed to the point that congressional tenure rivaled that of the U.South. Supreme Court, where tenure is for life.[ citation needed ]

Term limits movement [edit]

A motion in favor of term limits took hold in the early 1990s, and reached its apex in 1992-94, a period when 17 states enacted term limits through state legislation or state constitutional amendments.[17]

Many of the laws enacted express terms for both the country legislature and in the state's delegation to Congress; as they pertain to Congress, these laws were struck down as unconstitutional by U.Due south. Supreme Courtroom in U.South. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995), in which the court ruled, on a 5–iv vote, that state governments cannot limit the terms of members of the national government.[17] [18]

Where rotation in the legislative branch has withstood court challenges, term limits continue to garner pop support. Equally of 2002, the advocacy grouping "U.S. Term Limits" constitute that in the 17 states where state legislators served in rotation, public support for term limits ranged from 60 to 78 percent.[19]

Federal term limits [edit]

Office Term limits
President Limited to being elected to a full of 2 4-year terms. A President by succession who completes more than than ii years of a quondam President's unfinished term may be elected in their own correct merely once, and two more iv-year terms are permitted if they complete 2 years or less. Condign a President past succession may happen to someone an unlimited number of times, for case, if they are Vice President and the President dies, resigns or is removed from office via impeachment conviction.[20]
Vice President Unlimited four-yr terms
Firm of Representatives Unlimited two-year terms
Senate Unlimited vi-year terms
Supreme Courtroom No term limits, appointed to serve "during good behavior"[21] (only can exist impeached and removed from office for "high Crimes and Misdemeanors"); in practise a Justice serves until expiry, resignation, or retirement.

Equally of 2013, term limits at the federal level are restricted to the executive branch and some agencies. Judicial appointments at the federal level are made for life, and are non subject to election or to term limits. The U.S. Congress remains (since the Thornton decision of 1995) without electoral limits.

President [edit]

"Four more than years" redirects hither. For the documentary, run across 4 More than Years.

George Washington'due south decision in 1796 non to run for a third term has ofttimes been given credit as the start of a tradition that no president should ever run for a third term.[22] Washington wanted to retire when his offset term ended in 1792 only all his advisors begged him to stand for reelection. By 1796 he insisted on retiring, for he felt exhausted, and was disgusted with the virulent personal attacks on his integrity. His Bye Address very briefly mentioned why he would non run for a third term, and goes on to requite a keen deal of political advice, but information technology does not mention term limits. After his decease, his refusal to run was explained in terms of a "no-third-tradition". Crockett (2008) argues, "The argument for term limits has a solid and respectable pedigree. Contrary to popular belief, yet, that pedigree does non brainstorm with George Washington."[23] The Second President, John Adams, lost re-election in 1800 to Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson himself declined re-election to a 3rd term, attributing the precedent to Washington.[24]

In the 1780s, about half the states provided term limits for governors.[25] The Ramble convention of 1787 discussed the issue and decided not to found presidential term limits. "The thing was fairly discussed in the Convention," Washington wrote in 1788, "and to my full convictions ... I tin can meet no propriety in precluding ourselves from the services of whatever man, who on some cracking emergency shall be deemed universally, most capable of serving the Public", even after serving 2 terms. The Constitution, Washington explained, retained sufficient checks against political corruption and stagnant leadership without a presidential term limits provision.[26] Jefferson, however, strongly endorsed a policy of term limits. He rejected calls from supporters that he run for a tertiary term in 1808, telling several state legislatures in 1807-1808 that he needed to back up "the sound precedent fix past [his] illustrious predecessor."[24]

A political cartoon showing Washington rejecting Theodore Roosevelt's highly controversial run for a third term in 1912

In 1861, the Amalgamated States of America adopted a vi-year term for their president and vice-president and barred the president from seeking re-election. That innovation was endorsed by many American politicians after the Civil War, most notably by Rutherford B. Hayes in his inaugural address. Ulysses Grant was urged to run for a third term in 1876, only he refused. He did endeavor to win the 1880 nomination, but was defeated in part because of popular anti-tertiary-term sentiment.[27] Theodore Roosevelt had already served over 7 years and in 1912, after a iv-year hiatus, ran for a third term. He was violently criticized and was almost killed by John Flammang Schrank for doing so.[28] The 1912 ballot was ultimately won by Woodrow Wilson.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (president, 1933–1945) was the only president to exist elected more twice, having won a third term in 1940 and a 4th term in 1944 (though he died in office three months into his fourth term). This gave ascent to a successful movement to formalize the traditional two-term limit by amending the U.South. Constitution. As ratified in 1951, the Twenty-Second Amendment provides that "no person shall exist elected to the office of President more than than twice". The new Amendment explicitly did not apply to the incumbent president, Harry Southward. Truman. All the same, Truman declined to seek re-election to a third term in 1952.[29]

Congress [edit]

Letter from Senator Orrin Hatch, first elected in 1976, expressing reservations regarding term limits (dated February 10, 2011)

Reformers during the early 1990s used the initiative and referendum to put congressional term limits on the ballot in 24 states. Voters in 8 of these states approved the congressional term limits by an average electoral margin of two to one.[30] It was an open question whether states had the constitutional authorization to enact these limits. In May 1995, the U.S. Supreme Courtroom ruled v–4 in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.Southward. 779 (1995), that states cannot impose term limits upon their federal Representatives or Senators.

In the 1994 elections, role of the Republican platform included legislation for term limits in Congress. Later on winning the majority, a Republican congressman brought a constitutional amendment to the House flooring that proposed limiting members of the Senate to ii half-dozen-year terms and members of the House to six two-year terms.[31] Even so, this rate of rotation was so tiresome (the life-tenured Supreme Court averages about xvi years) that the congressional version of term-limits garnered little support amid the populist backers of term limits, including U.S. Term Limits, the largest private system pushing for congressional term limits.[d] The bill got simply a bare majority (227–204), falling brusk of the 2-thirds majority (290) needed for ramble amendments.[32] 3 other term limit subpoena bills failed to become more than than 200 votes.[due east]

Defeated in Congress and overridden by the Supreme Court, the federal term limit move was brought to a halt. The term limits intended simultaneously to reform country legislatures (equally distinguished from the federal congressional delegations) remain in force, however, in xv states.[33] [34]

In 2007 Larry J. Sabato revived the contend over term limits by arguing in A More Perfect Constitution that the success and popularity of term limits at the state level suggests that they should be adopted at the federal level besides. He specifically put forth the idea of congressional term limits and suggested a national ramble convention be used to accomplish the amendment, since the Congress would exist unlikely to propose and adopt any amendment that limits its own power.

Some state legislators have also expressed their opinions on term limits. It is confirmed that in the following five states—and at that place may be others—state lawmakers canonical resolutions asking Congress to propose a federal ramble amendment to limit the number of terms which members of Congress may serve:

  1. South Dakota Legislature (designated equally POM-42 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 1989, South Dakota House Joint Resolution No. 1001 (see Congressional Record of April iv, 1989, at pages 5395 and 5396, with verbatim text provided);
  2. Hawaii Senate (designated as Memorial 400 in the U.S. House of Representatives) approved in 1990, Hawaii Senate Resolution No. 41—unicameral only (see Congressional Tape of September 28, 1998, at page 22655) it took 8 years for this resolution to detect its way into the Congressional Tape and to be correctly referred to the Committee on the Judiciary—and fifty-fifty then, its text was not provided in the Congressional Record); back in 1990, Hawaii's S.R. No. 41 was indeed received past the U.S. House of Representatives, and was designated equally Memorial 416, (Congressional Record of June 6, 1990, at pages 13,262 and 13,263) but the resolution was erroneously referred to the Committee on Free energy and Commerce—and its text is Non provided in the Congressional Record;
  3. Utah Legislature (designated every bit POM-644 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 1990, Utah Senate Joint Resolution No. 24 (see Congressional Record of September 27, 1994, at page 26033, with verbatim text provided) it took four years for this resolution to notice its way into the U.South. Senate'southward portion of the Congressional Record;
  4. Idaho Legislature (designated every bit Memorial 401 in the U.S. House of Representatives) approved in 1992, Idaho Senate Joint Memorial No. 116 (see Congressional Record of April 29, 1992, at page 9804—text NOT provided in the Congressional Record); and
  5. Florida Legislature (designated as POM-122 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 2012, Florida House Memorial No. 83 (see Congressional Tape of July 25, 2012, at page S5378, with verbatim text provided). Taking matters a bit further, on February 10, 2016, Florida lawmakers approved Business firm Memorial No. 417 calling upon Congress, pursuant to Article V of the Federal Constitution, to assemble a Convention to set a ramble amendment that would institute term limits upon members of Congress.

Supreme Court [edit]

Legal scholars have discussed whether or not to impose term limits on the Supreme Court of the United states. Currently, Supreme Courtroom Justices are appointed for life "during expert behavior". A sentiment has developed, amid certain scholars, that the Supreme Court may not be accountable in a way that is most in line with the spirit of checks and balances.[35] Every bit, scholars have argued that life tenure has taken on a new meaning in a modernistic context.[36] Changes in medical care accept markedly raised life expectancy and therefore take allowed Justices to serve for longer than ever before.[35] [36] Steven Thou. Calebresi and James Lindgren, professors of law at Northwestern Academy, argued that because vacancies in the courtroom are occurring with less frequency and justices served on average 26.1 years betwixt 1971 and 2006, the "efficacy of the democratic check that the appointment process provides on the Courtroom'south membership" is reduced.[35] There have been several similar proposals to implement term limits for the nation's highest court, including Professor of Law at Duke University Paul Carrington'southward "Supreme Court Renewal Act of 2005".[37]

Many of the proposals center around a term limit for Justices that would be 18 years to 25 years in length. (Larry Sabato, Professor of Political Scientific discipline at Academy of Virginia, suggested between xv and 18 years).[35] [36] [37] [38] The staggered term limits of eighteen years proposed by Calebresi & Lindgren (2006) and Carrington & Cramton (2005) would permit for a new appointment to the Court every two years, which in event would allow every president at least two appointments.[36] Carrington has argued that such a mensurate would not require a constitutional amendment as the "Constitution doesn't fifty-fifty mention life tenure; it simply requires that justices serve during 'skilful behaviour' ".[36] The idea was endorsed amongst Judges, equally John Roberts supported term limits before he was appointed to the Supreme Courtroom equally Chief Justice. Calebresi, Lingren, and Carrington have also proposed that when justices take served out their proposed eighteen-year term they should be able to sit on other Federal Courts until retirement, death, or removal.[35] [36]

Fairleigh Dickinson University'southward PublicMind Poll measured American voters' attitudes towards various proposed Supreme Court reforms, including implementing term limits. The 2010 poll found that a bulk of Americans were largely unaware of a proposal to impose a term limit of 18 years, as 82% reported they had heard piffling or nix at all.[39] Yet a lack of awareness, 52% of Americans canonical of limiting terms to 18 years, while 35% disapproved.[39] When asked how sometime is too sometime for a Supreme Court judge to serve if he seems healthy, 48% said "no limit every bit long as he is good for you", while 31% agreed that anyone over the age of 70 is too one-time.[39]

Some land lawmakers have officially expressed to Congress a desire for a federal constitutional amendment to limit terms of Supreme Court justices also as of judges of federal courts below the Supreme Court level. While there might exist others, below are three known examples:

  1. In 1957, the Alabama Legislature adopted Senate Articulation Resolution No. 47 on the subject (appearing in the U.S. Senate's portion of the Congressional Record on July 3, 1957, at page 10863, with full text provided);
  2. In 1978, the Tennessee General Associates adopted House Joint Resolution No. 21 on the bailiwick (designated as POM-612 by the U.Southward. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of April 25, 1978, at page 11437); and
  3. In 1998, the Louisiana House of Representatives adopted House Resolution No. 120 on the subject (designated equally POM-511 past the U.Due south. Senate and quoted in total in the Congressional Record of July 17, 1998, at page 16076).

State term limits [edit]

Term limits for state officials accept existed since colonial times. The Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties of 1682, and the colonial frame of government of the same year, both authored past William Penn, provided for triennial rotation of the provincial council—the upper house of the colonial legislature.[xl] The Delaware Constitution of 1776 express the governor to a single three-year term; currently, the governor of Delaware can serve 2 iv-year terms.

Gubernatorial term limits [edit]

U.South. gubernatorial term limits equally of 2014

Governors of 36 states[41] and four territories are discipline to diverse term limits, while the governors of 14 states, Puerto Rico, and the Mayor of Washington, D.C., may serve an unlimited number of terms. Each state's gubernatorial term limits are prescribed by its state constitution, with the exception of Wyoming, whose limits are found in its statutes. Territorial term limits are prescribed by its constitution in the Northern Mariana Islands, the Organic Acts in Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and past statute in American Samoa.

Uniquely, Virginia prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms, although former governors are eligible to serve again as governor after a specified period (currently, four years) out of office. Several other states formerly had this "no succession" dominion (which was part of Virginia's original constitution in 1776), just all take eliminated the prohibition except Virginia by 2000 (including Mississippi, which repealed it in 1986, and Kentucky, which repealed it in 1992).[42]

The governors of the post-obit states and territories are limited to two consecutive terms, but are eligible to run over again afterwards four years out of office: Alabama,[43] Alaska,[44] Arizona,[45] Colorado,[46] Florida,[47] Georgia,[48] Hawaii,[49] Kansas,[50] Kentucky,[51] Louisiana,[52] Maine,[53] Maryland,[54] Nebraska,[55] New Jersey,[56] New Mexico,[57] North Carolina,[58] Ohio,[59] Pennsylvania,[60] Rhode Island,[61] Southward Carolina,[62] South Dakota,[63] Tennessee,[64] West Virginia,[65] American Samoa,[66] Guam,[67] and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[68]

Equivalently, the Governors of Indiana[69] and Oregon[70] are express to serving 8 out of whatever 12 years. Conversely, the Governors of Montana[71] and Wyoming[72] are limited to 2 terms, serving viii out of any 16 years.

Finally, the governors of the following states and territory are limited to two terms for life during a person's lifetime period: Arkansas,[73] California,[74] Delaware,[75] Michigan,[76] Mississippi,[77] Missouri,[78] Nevada,[79] the Northern Mariana Islands,[fourscore] and Oklahoma.[81] One-time Governor of California Jerry Brown, all the same, served four not-consecutive terms because his first ii terms were before limits were passed in California, and the limits did not utilise to individuals' prior terms.

The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont may serve unlimited 2-year terms. The governors (or equivalent) in the following states, district, and territory may serve unlimited four-year terms: Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, North Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The Governor of Utah was previously limited to serving 3 terms, but all term limit laws take since been repealed by the legislature.

State legislatures with term limits [edit]

Fifteen land legislatures currently take term limits.[82] The earliest state legislative term limit was enacted in 1990, and the most recent was enacted in 2000; term limits only went into effect years after they were enacted.[82]

  • Arizona Legislature: four consecutive ii-year terms for both houses (eight years). No limit on total number of terms.
  • Arkansas Full general Assembly: 12 sequent years with the option to render after a four year break. The lifetime limit of sixteen years total in either the House or the Senate was repealed by referendum in 2020. (Prior to the 2014 election, the previous limits of iii two-year terms for House members (six years) and 2 four-year terms for Senate members (viii years) applied).
  • California Land Legislature: twelve years total in either Associates or Senate. (For legislators first elected on or before June 5, 2012, the previous limits (enacted in 1990) of three two-year terms for Assembly members (six years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years) apply).
  • Colorado General Assembly: iv sequent two-year terms in the House (viii years) and two consecutive 4-year terms in the Senate (8 years). Former members tin run again after a four yr break.
  • Florida Legislature: may serve no more than eight consecutive years in either house. No limit on total number of terms.
  • Illinois Senate: Senate Presidents and Minority Leaders may non serve for more than than 10 years.[83]
  • Louisiana State Legislature: three consecutive iv-year terms for both houses (twelve years). Members may run for the opposite body without having to sit down out an election.
  • Maine Legislature: four two-year terms for both houses (eight years). No limit on total number of terms
  • Michigan Legislature: three two-twelvemonth terms for House members (six years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years).
  • Missouri General Associates: four 2-twelvemonth terms for Business firm members (8 years) and ii four-yr terms for Senate members (eight years). Members may be elected again to the other business firm, but non serve more than than xvi years.
  • Montana State Legislature: 4 two-yr terms for House members (eight years) in whatsoever sixteen-twelvemonth period and ii 4-year terms for Senate members (eight years) in any sixteen-year flow.
  • Nebraska Legislature: unicameral legislature; members express to two consecutive four-yr terms (eight years), afterward which they must wait iv years before running again.[84]
  • Nevada Legislature: six 2-year terms for Assembly members (twelve years) and iii four-yr terms for Senate members (twelve years).
  • Ohio General Assembly: iv consecutive ii-year terms for Business firm members (8 years) and two consecutive 4-year terms for Senate members (8 years).
  • Oklahoma Legislature: Twelve years of full combined service in either the Firm or the Senate. If a legislator'south beginning term is the result of a special election, that service does not count toward the limit.[85]
  • South Dakota Legislature: 4 consecutive two-yr terms for both houses (eight years).

Overturned or repealed state legislative term limits [edit]

Legislative term limits have been repealed or overturned in six states. Term limits for state legislatures were adopted by Idaho and Utah in 1994, but repealed by their respective legislatures in 2002 (Idaho) and 2003 (Utah).[82] Term limits adopted in four states were struck down as unconstitutional past the country supreme courts in those states: in Massachusetts, Washington and Wyoming, the court ruled that term limits could not be enacted by statute, and could simply be enacted by an amendment to the state constitution; the Oregon Supreme Court ruled that the Oregon initiative establishing term limits violated the single-subject area dominion.[82]

Municipal term limits [edit]

Some localities impose term limits for local office. Among the xx most populous U.S. cities:

  • There are no term limits in Baltimore, Maryland; Charlotte, North Carolina; Chicago, Illinois; Columbus, Ohio, Detroit, Michigan, Fort Worth, Texas and Indianapolis, Indiana.[86]
  • Term limits of equal length are applied to both mayors and city council members in Austin, Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio in Texas; Jacksonville, Florida; Memphis, Tennessee; New York City; and San Diego, San Francisco, and San Jose in California.[86]
  • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania has term limits for the mayor, but not the city council.[86] The mayor may serve ii consecutive terms but there is no limit on the total number of terms.
  • Los Angeles, California and Phoenix, Arizona have term limits for both the mayor and city council, just the term limits for the mayor are stricter than the term limits for the council.[86]

A two-term limit was imposed on New York City Council members and citywide elected officials (except for district attorneys) in New York Metropolis after a 1993 referendum (meet the Charter of the Metropolis of New York, § 1138). On Nov three, 2008, withal, when Michael Bloomberg was in his 2nd term of mayor, the City Council approved the extension of the two-term limit to a 3-term limit; ane year later, he was elected to a third term. The two-term limit was reinstated after a referendum in 2010.[87] [88]

Impact [edit]

Research shows that legislative term limits increase legislative polarization,[89] reduce the legislative skills of politicians,[90] [91] [92] reduce the legislative productivity of politicians,[93] weaken legislatures vis-à-vis the executive,[94] and reduce voter turnout.[95] Parties respond to the implementation of term limits by recruiting candidates for part on more than partisan lines.[96] States that implement term limits in the state legislatures are associated with too developing more than powerful House speakers.[97]

Term limits have not reduced campaign spending,[98] reduced the gender gap in political representation,[99] increased the diversity of constabulary-makers,[100] or increased the elective service activities of law-makers.[101] Term limits take been linked to lower growth in revenues and expenditures.[102]

See also [edit]

  • Widow'south succession
  • Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
  • List of political term limits
  • Political grade
  • 2nd Constitutional Convention of the United States

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Article 9, paragraph 5, of the Manufactures of Confederation provided that, "no person be immune to serve in the role of president more than 1 year in any term of four years."
  2. ^ See Family unit Guardian, "Thomas Jefferson on Politics & Government".
  3. ^ For a detailed report of the 19th-century concepts of rotation, consult Struble Jr (1979–1980, p. 650). See likewise Struble Jr (2010); Young (1966).
  4. ^ U.S. Term Limits wanted House members to be limited to 3 two-year terms.[ citation needed ]
  5. ^ The four constitutional amendments on term limits which the House rejected 29 March 1995 were sponsored past: Democrat John Dingell [12/12 retroactive], rejected 135–297; Republican Bob Inglis [6/12, not retroactive], rejected 114–316; Republican Van Hilleary [12/12, unretroactive, but defers to more stringent state imposed limits], rejected 164–265; Republican Bill McCollum [12/12 non retroactive and would override more stringent state limits]; approved by less than the requisite 2/3, 227–204; on February 12, 1997 Congress did too past a margin of 217–211 [l.7%].

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ Fagan, Garrett G. (2003) [1999]. The History of Aboriginal Rome (DVD). The Great Courses. The Teaching Company. ...Part-property at Rome was based on two important concepts: collegiality and limited tenure of office...
  2. ^ "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut". avalon.police force.yale.edu. Yale Law Schoolhouse Lillian Goldman Constabulary Library. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
  3. ^ "Constitution of Pennsylvania - September 28, 1776; section viii". avalon.law.yale.edu. Yale Police force School Lillian Goldman Police force Library. xviii December 1998.
  4. ^ "Constitution of Pennsylvania - September 28, 1776; section 19". avalon.constabulary.yale.edu. Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library. 18 December 1998. On Franklin's program of 1775, see Smyth, Albert Henry, ed. (1907). The Writings of Benjamin Franklin. Vol. half-dozen. New York: Macmillan. page 423, article 9.
  5. ^ "Articles of Confederation: March 1, 1781". The Avalon Project. Yale Law Schoolhouse Lillian Goldman Police Library. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  6. ^ Boyd 1950, vol. 1, p. 411
  7. ^ Crane, Edward H.; Pilon, Roger, eds. (1994). The Politics and Law of Term Limits. Washington, DC: Cato Establish. p. 62. ISBN9781882577132.
  8. ^ Ballagh (1911, Letter to Edmund Randolph dated 16 Oct 1787: vol 2, pp. 450-455). Come across also Ballagh (1911, Letter to Edmund Pendleton dated 12 May 1776: vol. 1, p.191); Bennett, Walter H., ed. (1978). Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican. University of Alabama Press. pp. 72–75, 86.
  9. ^ Boyd 1950, vol. 12 p. 440; vol. 13 p. 490. Encounter also Boyd 1950, vol. xv p. 25 for Jefferson's definition of rotation in office.
  10. ^ Eliot, Jonathan, ed. (1836). The Debates in the Several State Conventions on Adoption of the Federal Constitution. Vol. 3. Washington, DC: Authorities Printing Office. p. 485.
  11. ^ Otis Warren, Mercy (1981). "Observations on the new Constitution, and on the Federal and State Conventions 9". In Staring, Herbert J. (ed.). The Consummate Anti-Federalist. Vol. 4. Chicago: Academy of Chicago Press. pp. 270–278.
  12. ^ Korzi 2013, pp. 43–44.
  13. ^ Stein 1943, pp. 71–116.
  14. ^ Stein 1943, pp. 144–222.
  15. ^ Stein 1943, pp. 317–340.
  16. ^ (Struble Jr 1979–1980, p.650, footnote 6). The quotation is from Henry James, the biographer.
  17. ^ a b John 1000. Carey, Richard G. Niemi & Lynda W. Powell, Term Limits in State Legislatures (University of Michigan Press: 2009), pp. 1-2.
  18. ^ U.S. Term Limits, Inc. five. Thornton, 514 U.Southward. 779 (1995).
  19. ^ Rumenap, Stacie (Baronial 2002). "Career Politicians Never Did Like Term Limits". No Uncertain Terms. Vol. 10, no. vii. pp. 2–3.
  20. ^ Dorf, Michael C. (2 August 2000). "Why the Constitution permits a Gore-Clinton ticket". CNN Interactive.
    Gant, Scott E.; Peabody, Bruce Thou. (2006-06-13). "How to bring back Bill". Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2008-06-12 .
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Bibliography [edit]

  • Bailey, Harry A. (1972). "Presidential Tenure and the Ii-Term Tradition". Publius. two (2): 95–106. doi:ten.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a038259. JSTOR 3329550.
  • Ballagh, James C., ed. (1911). The Letters of Richard Henry Lee. Vol. Two volumes. New York: Macmillan.
  • Boyd, Julian F., ed. (1950). The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Crockett, David A. (2008). "An Excess of Refinement: Lame Duck Presidents in Constitutional and Historical Context". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 38 (four): 707–721. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2008.02673.x.
  • Korzi, Michael J. (2009). "Changing Views of Executive Tenure in Early American History". White House Studies. 8 (3): 357–379.
  • Korzi, Michael J. (2013). Presidential Term Limits in American History: Ability, Principles, and Politics. Texas A&M Academy Publishing. ISBN9781603449915.
  • Stein, Charles W. (1943). The Tertiary-Term Tradition: Its Ascension and Collapse in American Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Struble Jr, Robert (Winter 1979–1980). "House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation" (PDF). Political Science Quarterly. 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-11.
  • Struble Jr, Robert (2010). "Rotation in Office, and other democratic reforms". Treatise on Twelve Lights. Archived from the original on 2016-04-eleven.
  • Young, James Due south. (1966). The Washington Community, 1800–1828 . New York: Columbia Academy Printing.

Further reading [edit]

  • Kousser, T. (2004). Term Limits and the Dismantling of Land Legislative Professionalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Printing.
  • O'Keefe, Eric (2008). "Term Limits". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 504–06. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n308. ISBN978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
  • Peabody, Bruce K. (2001). "George Washington, presidential term limits, and the problem of reluctant political leadership". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 31 (3): 439–453. doi:10.1111/j.0360-4918.2001.00180.x.
  • Sigel, Roberta S.; Butler, David J. (1964). "The Public and the No Third Term Tradition: Inquiry into Attitudes Toward Power". Midwest Journal of Political Scientific discipline. 8 (1): 39–54. doi:10.2307/2108652. JSTOR 2108652.
  • Stathis, Stephen W. (1990). "The Twenty-Second Subpoena: A practical remedy or partisan maneuver". Ramble Commentary. seven: 61.

External links [edit]

  • National Conference of State Legislatures term limits summary
  • Word on Term Limits

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limits_in_the_United_States

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